A colonial war then started and lasted for at least seven years, with the French Fourth Republic leading a harsh repression of the anti-colonialist movement. The Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC), an anti-colonialist party created in 1948 and which struggled for unification of both Cameroons and for independence was outlawed in 1955. In 1952, the Representative Assembly became the Territorial Assembly of Cameroon (ATCAM). The colonial administration also built electricity and water infrastructures in large cities. Some private and public schools were opened, while the best students were sent to Dakar (Senegal) or France to study in college. Paul Ajoulat and Alexandre Douala Manga Bell were elected deputies of the French National Assembly. In 1946, a Representative Assembly of French Cameroon (ARCAM) was constituted.
Of a total of three million inhabitants, the French Cameroon territory counted 10% settlers, many who had been resident for decades, and approximatively 15,000 people linked to the colonial administration (civil servants, private agents, missionaries etc.) Construction of roads allowed for greater exploitation of wood. From the beginning of the 1940s, colonial authorities encouraged a policy of agricultural diversification into monocultural crops: coffee in the west, cotton in the North and cocoa in the south. Post War Īfter World War II, French Cameroon was made a United Nations Trust Territory and unified into the French Union.
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In 1940 French Cameroon rallied to the Free French when General Philippe Leclerc landed at Douala, capturing it on 27 August and then moved to Yaounde, where the pro- Vichy France governor Richard Brunot was forced to hand over the civil administration of French Cameroon. French racism became prevalent throughout the colony rather quickly, and anti-French sentiment followed and would be strengthened in the late 1940s. France took care to make disappear all remains of German presence and aimed at eradicating any trace of Germanophilia. Charles Atangana would visit the 1931 Paris Colonial Exhibition and attend the 1935 French Colonial Conference. Charles Atangana, designated paramount chief by the Germans, and others local chiefs were invited to France, and Paul Soppo Priso named president of the JEUCAFRA (Cameroon French Youth). The colonial administration also followed public health policies ( Eugène Jamot did some research on sleeping sickness) as well as encouraging Francophony. France enacted an assimilationist policy with the aim of having German presence forgotten, by teaching French on all of the territory and imposing French law, while pursuing the "indigenous politics", which consisted of keeping control of the judiciary system and of the police, while tolerating traditional law issues. The conflict with the UPC lasted until the 1970s.Īfter World War I, French Cameroon was not integrated to French Equatorial Africa (AEF) but made a " Commissariat de la République autonome" under French mandate. The Muslim northern part of British Cameroons had opted for union with Nigeria in May the same year. French Cameroon became independent as the Republic of Cameroon in January 1960 and in October 1961 the southern part of British Cameroons joined it to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. An insurrection headed by Ruben Um Nyobé and the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) erupted in 1955, strongly repressed by the French Fourth Republic. Following World War II each of the mandate territories was made a United Nations Trust Territory. The British mandate was known as British Cameroons and the French mandate as French Cameroon (French: Cameroun). During World War I, the German protectorate was occupied by British and French troops, and later mandated to each country by the League of Nations in 1922. In 1911, France ceded parts of its territory to German Cameroon, as a result of the Agadir Crisis, the new territory being henceforth known as New Cameroon (German: Neukamerun). The German protectorate commenced in 1884 with a treaty with local chiefs in the Douala area, in particular Ndumbe Lobe Bell, then gradually it was extended to the interior. The area of present-day Cameroon came under German sovereignty during the " Scramble for Africa" at the end of the 19th century.
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